![]() However, this approach requires using downhole receivers, which is much more technically challenging and expensive than surface observations. One way to overcome this problem is to move the receivers to the downhole beneath the overburden and closer to the reservoir target. However, the target of the CSEM survey (e.g., BSEM), may be located deep underground, which may result in a relatively weak EM response in the receivers displayed on the surface of the earth. For example, a successful pilot BSEM field survey was executed recently in Saudi Arabia to identify oil- and water-bearing reservoir layers of a carbonate oil field water-injection zone (Marsala et al., 2011a, Marsala et al., 2011b). This method is often called Borehole-to-Surface Electromagnetic (BSEM) surveying. Another emerging technique is based on using the borehole transmitter and a grid of the surface receivers for detailed mapping of the subsurface resistivity of the oil- and gas-producing fields (He et al., 2005, He et al., 2010). During the last decade, we have observed also a growing interest in an application of the marine version of this method to identifying oil- and gas-bearing reservoirs (Constable, 2010). ![]() The land controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) surveys have been widely used in mineral exploration (Zhdanov, 2009, Zhdanov, 2010).
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